Will Hawaii be the First Domino to Fall?

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Hawaii Transitional Governance

Did you know that...
The State of Hawaii is not a lawful part of America?

Hawaii has been under 133+ years of unlawful U.S. corporate and military occupation because there is no valid treaty of annexation transferring Hawaiian sovereignty to the U.S. Ko Hawaii Pae ʻAina / Hawaiian Kingdom's true status is grounded in the Creator's Natural Law, the Law of Nations, the Hawaii Declaration of Rights 1839, the last lawfully ratified Hawaii constitution of 1852, as well as many U.S. and international public record documentation.

Therefore, the 1893 overthrow and later "annexation" were illegal and the Hawaiian Kingdom still exists.

Hawaii Transitional Governance

HTG is an interim government for Ko Hawaii Pae ʻAina / Hawaiian Kingdom.
Our mission is to support and facilitate the lawful transition back to a free and sovereign Hawaii.
Our message calls for all people in Hawaii to unite in truth, protect the ʻāina, reject systems of digital control and "corporate" domination, and build a pono, spiritually grounded society where everyone's unalienable, God‑given rights are honored and protected.

The Lawful Transition to a Free and Sovereign Hawaii

UNITY in the LAW = UNITY in the PEOPLE.

The Creator's Natural Law is the only true law in His Creation (Heaven and Earth).
Hawaii's constitutional monarchy and America's constitutional republic
are both founded on the Creator's Natural Law:

BE TRUTHFUL / DO NO HARM / HONOR YOUR WORD.

The occupying power does not have sovereign rights over the lands they occupy.

US Army Law of Land Warfare Manual / FM 27-10

1. To protect all people from unnecessary suffering.

2. To safeguard fundamental / unalienable human rights.

3. To facilitate the restoration of peace.

8 Step Action Plan to End the Occupation:

Hawaiians (of all colors) pledge, all rights reserved to Ko Hawaii Pae ʻAina: Declaration of Rights 1839, and the last lawfully ratified Hawaii Constitution, 1852 ('55 amended).
Reach out, "kahea" Hawaii national candidates for Ko Hawaii Pae ʻAina, HOUSE of REPRESENTATIVES.
Register natural law, sui juris (all rights reserved) foreigners at the Office for International Affairs.
Kahea Na Ohana for HAWAII'S UNIFIED HOUSE of NOBLES, who select amongst themselves the qualified candidates for HAWAII'S HEAD of STATE (King/Queen).
Commence NATIONAL ELECTIONS CAMPAIGN throughout Hawaii, have PAPER BALLOT ELECTION for HAWAII'S HOUSE of REPRESENTATIVES.
LAWFULLY ELECTED HOUSE of REPRESENTATIVES shall interview the qualified HEAD of STATE (KING/QUEEN) candidates, with full public access viewing of interviews and debates.
CONDUCT PAPER BALLOT NATIONAL ELECTION for HAWAII'S HEAD OF STATE.
Newly elected KING or QUEEN signs the TREATY of PEACE and STATUS of FORCES AGREEMENT, between restored Ko Hawaii Pae ʻAina / Hawaiian Kingdom and the American constitutional republic.

Hawaii is under 133+ years of unlawful US CORPORATE/MILITARY OCCUPATION.
No Lawful Treaty of Annexation = Occupation = State of War.
The 1893 overthrow and later "annexation" were illegal and the Hawaiian Kingdom still exists.
The occupying power does not have sovereign rights over the lands they occupy.

Table of Authorities The Creator's Natural Law; The Holy Bible; Declaration of Rights 1839, Kauikeaouli, Kamehameha III; Hawaiian Kingdom Constitution 1852; United States Apology Public Law 103-150; Declaration of Independence 1776; US Constitution 1789; Supremacy of Treaties Art. 6 Clause 2; Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation 1849; The Law of Nations; International Law of Belligerent Occupation; 159 Articles in Geneva Convention IV, August 12, 1949; Dispatch from Secretary of State Gresham to Hon. James Blount; President Cleveland's "Act of War" Message to Congress March 9, 1893; The Blount Report; The Kuʻe Petition 1897; US Army Field Manual 27-10; Force Majeure.

State of Hawaii: Na Ohana LCA's / HRS 172-11

Hawaii Transitional Governance is an interim government recognizable under the Creator's (YHWH-AKUA) Natural Law, Declaration of Rights 1839, Hawaii Constitution 1852, the Law of Nations, and The Laws of Occupation.

Queen Liliʻuokalani Never Agreed to Annexation or Statehood

She actively and repeatedly opposed it until her death in 1917. Hawaii didn't become a state until 1959, more than 40 years after she passed. Here are her own words that make this unmistakably clear:

On the 1897 annexation treaty:

"I, Liliuokalani of Hawaii... do hereby protest against the ratification of a certain treaty... purporting to cede those Islands to the territory and dominion of the United States. I declare such a treaty to be an act of wrong toward the native and part-native people of Hawaii, an invasion of the rights of the ruling chiefs, in violation of international rights... and, finally, an act of gross injustice."

On yielding her throne in 1893 (under duress, not consent):

"I Liliʻuokalani... do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the constitutional Government of the Hawaiian Kingdom... Then I yield to the superior force of the United States of America."

She surrendered to prevent bloodshed — explicitly not as consent.

After annexation in 1898:

Despite continued resistance, including a petition signed by over half the Native Hawaiian population, President McKinley signed the annexation resolution on July 7, 1898. Queen Liliʻuokalani responded with a letter protesting the U.S. assertion of ownership of the Hawaiian Crown Islands, and continued fighting the U.S. government for restitution until her death in 1917.

The historical record is unambiguous — the Queen never consented. Her abdication was coerced under military threat, and she spent the rest of her life appealing to the U.S. Congress and presidents to restore Hawaiian sovereignty.

On Earth as it is in the Heavens…

The Kingdom of God (The Most High / YHWH-AKUA) is unfolding before us.
We did not start it. We are not leading it. As we surrender ourselves utterly to the Most High,
and we break down the thin barriers between each other, we are doing perhaps,
all that we need to "do." God (YHWH-AKUA) will do the rest.

Glenn Clark: "Two or Three Gathered Together"

"You shall love YHWH (AKUA) your Elohim (Creator) with all your heart, mind, soul, and strength.
This is the first and great command. And the second is like it.
You shall love one another as yourself.
On these two Commands hang all the Law and all the prophets." Yeshua (Jesus) the Messiah, Matthew 22:37-40

Elohim ("Creator/God") is One.
Father of Truth / Mother of Love / Child of Light
WE ARE ONE.

"Huliau is NOW!"

htglaw.info | 808-785-0402

UA MAU KE EA O KA ʻAINA I KA PONO

"To be forever free in the land of righteousness!"

Hawaii Transitional Governance

Radio Truth Bombs!

Broadcast Script 1 Recorded 7.15.25

Aloha ʻāina, Aloha kākou… This is an URGENT call to action for you and everyone living in Ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina. Hawaii has been and still is under 132 years of US CORPORATE/MILITARY OCCUPATION. It is our kuleana to use our lawful right to restore Hawaii's freedom. The occupying power has DELIBERATELY IGNORED our public record demands and thus SURRENDERED to the Truth. There is NO LAWFUL TREATY of ANNEXATION. Hawaii Transitional Governance operates under the Creator's law as sanctified in the Declaration of Rights of 1839, and the last lawfully ratified Hawaiʻi Constitution, 1852. HTG invites all Hawaiʻi nationals and their supporters who want to run for public office and/or help with Hawaii's National Election for House of Representatives.

For details and requirements go to: htglaw.info or call 808-785-0402 "Huliau is NOW!"

Broadcast Script 2 Recorded 7.15.25

Aloha ʻāina, Aloha kākou… We are in the process of restoring our independence and we need more Hawaiians to do it. Hawaiʻi is a constitutional monarchy under the Creator's natural law. Ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina / Hawaiian Kingdom is not a feudal monarchy where the king "owns" all the people, all the land and all the abundance of the nation. Everyone is equal under one and the same Law. In 1839, Kauikeaouli, Kamehameha III faithfully and wisely laid the foundation of beloved Hawaiʻi nei in the Declaration of Rights: "God (YHWH-AKUA) hath made of one blood all nations of men (people) to dwell on earth in unity and blessedness." Kanaka maoli and nā keiki o ka ʻāina from all over the world stand united in Truth and Law to preserve and protect Hawaiʻi's sovereignty, our culture, our ʻāina, and everyone's unalienable God-given rights.

If you are dedicated to help go to: htglaw.info or call 808-785-0402 "Huliau is NOW!"

Broadcast Script 3

Picture the moment of decision… Your children are hungry. The bills are overdue. Inflation has wiped out your purchasing power, and AI has eliminated your job and your partner's job. They promise crypto tokens, digital identity, and access to the "new economy." As the old corporate system crashes, Universal Basic Income becomes the "safety net," but only for those who submit to iris scanning, total surveillance, and maintain good social credit. The machines don't just take your job. They make your survival dependent on accepting digital slavery as the price of existence.

— From "The Invisible Leash" by Josh Stylman.

Hawaii says No to the Mark of the Beast.

Go to: htglaw.info or call 808-785-0402 "Huliau is NOW!"

Broadcast Script 4

You see it everywhere. Economic hardship, homelessness, social chaos, environmental destruction and permanent war. What we are witnessing today is not the beginning of a crisis, but the culmination of decades of deliberate design. It is the predictable consequence of a system built on corporate greed, moral decay, and spiritual neglect. The old order is collapsing under the weight of its own injustice. Within this collapse is the opportunity to build something new — a society that pursues and protects the Truth, the ʻĀina, and everyone's unalienable God-given rights. History is not something that happens to us. It is something we shape with our aloha-centered hearts, minds and hands.

— Inspired by Noam Chomsky.

Go to: htglaw.info or call 808-785-0402 "Huliau is NOW!"

Ke Kumukānāwai o ka Makahiki 1852 — Ka Hoʻoilina Journal

Ka Hoʻoilina: Journal of Hawaiian Language Sources • September 2002

KE KUMUKĀNĀWAI O KA MAKAHIKI 1852

Ke Kumukānāwai o ka Makahiki 1852

E hoʻopuka hou ʻia ana ma kēia māhele o ka puke pai nā palapala aupuni e hoʻomaka ana me nā kumukānāwai o Hawaiʻi.

Ua kau ʻia ke Kumukānāwai o ka makahiki 1852, he mau kānāwai ʻano hou loa, i ka lā 14 o Iune ma hope o ka hoʻololi nui ʻia ʻana ma waena o nā makaʻāinana, nā aliʻi, a me ka Mōʻī. ʻO ia paha ka ikaika loa o nā kumukānāwai mana lehulehu o ia wā me nā pono pilikino o ke kanaka (Paukū 1–21) a me ka pono koho pāloka no nā kāne a pau (Paukū 78). Hoʻopuka ʻia: He Kumukānāwai a me nā Kānāwai o ka Mōʻī Kamehameha III, Honolulu, 1852; a ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia: Constitution and Laws of His Majesty Kamehameha III, Honolulu, 1852. Forbes 1869 (III: 34–35), 1868 (III: 34).

Ke Kumukānāwai o ka Makahiki 1852

The 1852 Constitution

This section of the journal reproduces government documents, starting with the constitutions of Hawaiʻi.

In 1851–1852, an extensive amendment process involving the people, nobles, and monarch resulted in a new fundamental law of the Islands, the Constitution of 1852, enacted on June 14, 1852. Possibly the most democratic constitution of its time, it included a strong bill of rights (Articles 1–21) and universal male suffrage (Article 78). Published as He Kumukānāwai a me nā Kānāwai o ka Mōʻī Kamehameha III, Honolulu, 1852, and Constitution and Laws of His Majesty Kamehameha III, Honolulu, 1852. Forbes 1869 (III: 34–35), 1868 (III: 34).

HE
KUMUKANAWAI
A ME NA
KANAWAI

O KA

MOI KAMEHAMEHA III,
KE ALII O KO HAWAII PAE AINA,

I KAUIA E NA

ALII AHAOLELO, A ME KA
POEIKOHOIA,

ILOKO O KA AHAOLELO O KA
MAKAHIKI 1852.

HONOLULU,
PAIIA MAMULI O KE KAUOHA O KA
POEIKOHOIA.
1852.

HE
KUMUKĀNĀWAI
A ME NĀ
KĀNĀWAI

O KA

MŌʻĪ KAMEHAMEHA III,
KE ALIʻI O KO HAWAIʻI PAE ʻĀINA,

I KAU ʻIA E NĀ

ALIʻI ʻAHAʻŌLELO A ME KA
POʻE I KOHO ʻIA

I LOKO O KA ʻAHAʻŌLELO O KA
MAKAHIKI 1852

HONOLULU,
PAʻI ʻIA MA MULI O KE KAUOHA O KA POʻE I
KOHO ʻIA
1852

CONSTITUTION
AND
LAWS

OF HIS MAJESTY

KAMEHAMEHA III,
KING OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS,

PASSED BY THE

NOBLES AND REPRESENTATIVES

AT THEIR SESSION,

1852

HONOLULU,
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE
LEGISLATURE
1852¹

kolamu (column) 3 1. ʻO kēia unuhi ʻōlelo Pelekānia, mai ka hoʻopuka kūhelu mai nō ia na ke aupuni o Hawaiʻi o ka makahiki 1852, a, ma kauwahi, ʻaʻole he unuhi hāiki.

This English translation is from the 1852 official publication of the government of Hawaiʻi and, in parts, is not a literal translation.

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KE KUMUKĀNĀWAI O KA MAKAHIKI 1852 183

O KA OLELO HOAKAKA NO NA PONO E PILI
ANA I NA KANAKA A PAU.

Pauku 1. Ua hana mai ke Akua i na kanaka a pau e noho paa ole a e noho like hoi; a ua haawi mai no hoi oia i mau pono e pili paa loa ia lakou; oia hoi, o ke ola, o ka noho keakea kumu ole ia mai, a me na pono e loaa mai ai a e maluhia io ai ka waiwai.

2. Pauku 2. E hoomaluia na kanaka a pau i ko lakou hoomana ana ia Iehova, e like me ko lakou manao; aole nae e hanaia malalo iho o keia haawina maikai kekahi hana kolohe a me ke kue i ka maluhia a me ka pono o ke Aupuni.

3. Pauku 3. E hiki no i na kanaka a pau ke olelo, a ke palapala, a ke hoike wale aku paha, i ko lakou manao no na mea a pau, a na ke Kanawai wale no lakou e hooponopono. Aole loa e kaulia kekahi Kanawai e hoopilikia ana, a e keakea ana paha i ka olelo, a me ke paipalapala.

4. Pauku 4. E hiki no i na kanaka a pau ke akoakoa malie, me ka hoolako ole i na mea kaua, e kukakuka pu no ko lakou mau pono; e ao aku i ka lakou Poeikohoia; a e nonoi aku i ke Alii, a i ka Ahaolelo o ke Aupuni, e wehe i ko lakou mau pilikia.

5. Pauku 5. O ka pono o ka palapala kuu kino, no na kanaka a pau ia; aole hoi e laweia aku ua pono nei. Aka, i ka manawa kipi, a kaua paha, i ka Moi wale no ka mana e weheia'i.

ʻO KA ʻŌLELO HOʻĀKĀKA NO NĀ PONO E
PILI ANA I NĀ KĀNAKA A PAU

Paukū 1. Ua hana mai ke Akua i nā kānaka a pau e noho paʻa ʻole a e noho like hoʻi; a ua hāʻawi mai nō hoʻi ʻo ia i mau pono e pili paʻa loa iā lākou; ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke ola, ʻo ka noho keʻakeʻa kumu ʻole ʻia mai, a me nā pono e loaʻa mai ai a e maluhia ʻiʻo ai ka waiwai.

2. Paukū 2. E hoʻomalu ʻia nā kānaka a pau i ko lākou hoʻomana ʻana iā Iēhowa, e like me ko lākou manaʻo; ʻaʻole naʻe e hana ʻia ma lalo iho o kēia hāʻawina maikaʻi kekahi hana kolohe a me ke kūʻē i ka maluhia a me ka pono o ke aupuni.

3. Paukū 3. E hiki nō i nā kānaka a pau ke ʻōlelo, a ke palapala, a ke hōʻike wale aku paha, i ko lākou manaʻo no nā mea a pau, a na ke kānāwai wale nō lākou e hoʻoponopono. ʻAʻole loa e kaulia kekahi kānāwai e hoʻopilikia ana, a e keʻakeʻa ana paha i ka ʻōlelo, a me ke paʻi palapala.

4. Paukū 4. E hiki nō i nā kānaka a pau ke ʻākoakoa mālie, me ka hoʻolako ʻole i nā mea kaua, e kūkākūkā pū no ko lākou mau pono; e aʻo aku i kā lākou Poʻe i Koho ʻia; a e nonoi aku i ke Aliʻi, a i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo o ke aupuni, e wehe i ko lākou mau pilikia.

5. Paukū 5. ʻO ka pono o ka palapala kuʻu kino, no nā kānaka a pau ia; ʻaʻole hoʻi e lawe ʻia aku ua pono nei. Akā, i ka manawa kipi, a kaua paha, i ka Mōʻī wale nō ka mana e wehe ʻia ai.

1. CONSTITUTION,
GRANTED BY HIS MAJESTY KAMEHAMEHA III, KING OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, BY AND WITH THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE NOBLES AND REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PEOPLE IN LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL ASSEMBLED, JUNE 14th, 1852

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS

Art. 1. God hath created all men² free and equal, and endowed them with certain inalienable rights; among which are life and liberty, the right of acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and of pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness.

2. Art. 2. All men are free to worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences; but this sacred privilege hereby secured, shall not be so construed as to justify acts of licentiousness or practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this kingdom.

3. Art. 3. All men may freely speak, write and publish their sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right; and no law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech, or of the press.

4. Art. 4. All men shall have the right, in an orderly and peaceable manner to assemble, without arms, to consult upon the common good; give instructions to their Representatives; and to petition the King or the Legislature for a redress of grievances.

5. Art. 5. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus belongs to all men, and shall not be suspended, unless by the King, when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety shall require its suspension.

kolamu (column) 3

2. ʻOiai he pili ka manaʻo o "kānaka" i ke kāne a me ka wahine, ua unuhi ʻia ia ʻōlelo ʻo "men" ia ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia.

While "kānaka" refers to people and is gender-neutral, the term is translated as "men" in the English version.

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184 KA HOʻOILINA: JOURNAL OF HAWAIIAN LANGUAGE SOURCES • SEPTEMBER 2002

KE KUMUKĀNĀWAI O KA MAKAHIKI 1852 185

6. Pauku 6. E mau loa no ka pono o ka hookolokolo jure ma na mea a pau i like me na mea i hookolokoloia pela, ma keia Aupuni, i ka wa i hala aku nei.

7. Pauku 7. Aole no e hoopaiia kekahi kanaka no ka hewa ofeni, ke hookolokolo ole ia mamua iloko o ka Ahahookolokolo kupono i kela hewa, a hooholoia ka olelo hoopai no ka hewa, e like me ke Kanawai.

8. Pauku 8. Aole e hookolokoloia kekahi kanaka no kekahi karaima, a ofeni paha ke ole ka palapala hoopii kupono, e hoomaopopo lea ana i kona karaima, a i kona ofeni paha, (koe nae ka hoopii Lunanui a me na ofeni kupono i ka hookolokoloia iloko o na Ahahookolokolo hoomalu kulanakauhale, a me na Aha o na Lunakanawai apana, a me ka hoopai koke no ka hoohaunaele i na Ahahookolokolo,) a ma ka hookolokolo ana i kekahi kanaka no kona hewa e ku no ia imua o na hoike no kona hewa, he alo no he alo; e hiki hoi ia ia ke kii i na hoike kokua i kona aoao, a me na mea e maopopo ai kona pono; a e hiki no hoi ia ia, a i kona kokua paha, ina pela kona manao, ke ninau i na hoike ana i lawe mai ai, a e ninau no hoi i na hoike o kela aoao, a me ka hai aku i na mea e maopopo ai ka pono o kona aoao.

9. Pauku 9. Ina ua hookolokolo e ia kekahi kanaka no kekahi ofeni, a ua hoopaiia, a hoopukaia paha mamuli o ka palapala hoopii kupono, alaila, aole e hiki ke hookolokolo hou ia ia no ia hewa hookahi.

10. Pauku 10. Ma ka hookolokolo ana no kekahi karaima, aole e koiia kekahi kanaka e hoike kue ia ia iho; aole hoi ia e hoonele ia i ke ola, a i ka malu, a i ka waiwai paha, ke ole i hana pono ia mamuli o ke Kanawai.

6. Paukū 6. E mau loa nō ka pono o ka hoʻokolokolo kiule ma nā mea a pau i like me nā mea i hoʻokolokolo ʻia pēlā, ma kēia aupuni, i ka wā i hala aku nei.

7. Paukū 7. ʻAʻole nō e hoʻopaʻi ʻia kekahi kanaka no ka hewa ʻopeni, ke hoʻokolokolo ʻole ʻia ma mua i loko o ka ʻaha hoʻokolokolo kūpono i kēlā hewa, a hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻōlelo hoʻopaʻi no ka hewa, e like me ke kānāwai.

8. Paukū 8. ʻAʻole e hoʻokolokolo ʻia kekahi kanaka no kekahi kalaima, a ʻopeni paha ke ʻole ka palapala hoʻopiʻi kūpono, e hoʻomaopopo leʻa ana i kona kalaima, a i kona ʻopeni paha, (koe naʻe ka hoʻopiʻi luna nui a me nā ʻopeni kūpono i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻia i loko o nā ʻaha hoʻokolokolo hoʻomalu kūlanakauhale,¹ a me nā ʻaha o nā luna kānāwai ʻāpana, a me ka hoʻopaʻi koke no ka hoʻohaunaele i nā ʻaha hoʻokolokolo), a ma ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i kekahi kanaka no kona hewa e kū nō ia i mua o nā hōʻike no kona hewa, he alo nō he alo; e hiki hoʻi iā ia ke kiʻi i nā hōʻike kōkua i kona ʻaoʻao, a me nā mea e maopopo ai kona pono; a e hiki nō hoʻi iā ia, a i kona kōkua paha, inā pēlā kona manaʻo, ke nīnau i nā hōʻike āna i lawe mai ai, a e nīnau nō hoʻi i nā hōʻike o kēlā ʻaoʻao, a me ka haʻi aku i nā mea e maopopo ai ka pono o kona ʻaoʻao.

9. Paukū 9. Inā ua hoʻokolokolo ʻē ʻia kekahi kanaka no kekahi ʻopeni, a ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia, a hoʻopuka ʻia paha ma muli o ka palapala hoʻopiʻi kūpono, a laila, ʻaʻole e hiki ke hoʻokolokolo hou iā ia no ia hewa hoʻokahi.

10. Paukū 10. Ma ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana no kekahi kalaima, ʻaʻole e koi ʻia kekahi kanaka e hōʻike kūʻē iā ia iho; ʻaʻole hoʻi ia e hoʻonele ʻia i ke ola, a i ka malu, a i ka waiwai paha, ke ʻole i hana pono ʻia ma muli o ke kānāwai.

6. Art. 6. The right of trial by jury, in all cases in which it has been heretofore used in this kingdom, shall remain inviolate forever.

7. Art. 7. No person shall be subject to punishment for any offense, except on due and legal conviction thereof, in a court having jurisdiction of the case.

8. Art. 8. No person shall be held to answer for any crime or offense (except in cases of impeachment, or for offenses within the jurisdiction of a police or district justice, or in summary proceedings for contempt), unless upon indictment, fully and plainly describing such crime or offense; and in the trial of any person on the charge of any crime or offense, he shall have the right to meet the witnesses who are produced against him, face to face, to produce witnesses and proofs in his own favor; and by himself, or his counsel, at his election, to examine the witnesses produced by himself, and cross-examine those produced against him; and to be fully heard in his defense.

9. Art. 9. No person shall be required to answer again for an offense, for which he has been duly convicted, or of which he has been duly acquitted upon a good and sufficient indictment.

10. Art. 10. No person shall be compelled, in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.

kolamu (column) 2

1. Ua hoʻokumu mua ʻia nā ʻaha hoʻokolokolo hoʻomalu kūlanakauhale no nā kalaima ma ke kai, a ua mālama ʻia ma nā kaona awa kū moku nui o Hawaiʻi i ia manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma Honolulu a me Lahaina ka mua, a ma kauwahi ma hope mai.

Police courts were initially established as maritime courts, and were held in the major port towns of Hawaiʻi at the time – Honolulu and Lahaina first, and later others.

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11. Pauku 11. Aole no e noho kekahi i lunakanawai, a i mea jure paha, e hookolokolo i kona hoahanau, ina o ka mea hoopii a hoopiiia paha; aole hoi i ka mea i pili ia ia, a i kona hoahanau paha ma ke ano hui waiwai; a ina i hoahewaia, a hookuuia paha kekahi, me ke kue i keia olelo, alaila, pono no ke aeia e hookolokolo hou ia ia.

12. Pauku 12. Aole loa e noho kauwa kuapaa kekahi kanaka malalo o kekahi ma ko Hawaii nei Pae Aina; ina hoi e hiki mai kekahi kauwa kuapaa i keia Pae Aina, o kona kuapaa ole no ia, a o na mea lawe mai i ke kauwa kuapaa iloko o ke Aupuni o ka Moi, e nele no ia i na pono a pau o keia Aupuni; aka hoi, aole no e hooleia ka noho kuapaa ana o kekahi, ke hoopaiia oia no ka hewa e like me ke Kanawai.

13. Pauku 13. E kapu no kela kanaka keia kanaka ma kona kino, a me kona hale, a me kana mau palapala, a me kona waiwai; aole e hopuia, aole hoi e huliia, me ke kumu ole; aole hoi e hoopukaia ka palapala kena ke maopopo ole ke kumu pono ma ka hoohuoi, a ma ka hoohiki paha, a o ka mea nana i hoopii; a e hoakakaia, iloko o ua palapala nei, kahi e huliia a me na kanaka, a mea e ae paha e hopuia.

14. Pauku 14. Ke hoomalu nei ke Alii i kona Aupuni no ka pono o na kanaka a pau malalo ona; e hoomaluia hoi ke ola, a me ka waiwai, a me ka pomaikai o kona poe kanaka a pau; aole hoi e imiia ka pono, a me ka hanohano, a me ka waiwai o ka mea hookahi a o ka ohana hookahi paha, a o ka poe ano hookahi paha o kona poe kanaka; a nolaila, i ke kau ana i na Kanawai no keia lahuikanaka, e manao nui ia ka maluhia a me ka pomaikai, a me ka pono o ka Moi, a me na Lii, a me na Luna, a me na Makaainana no hoi.

11. Paukū 11. ʻAʻole nō e noho kekahi i luna kānāwai, a i mea kiule paha, e hoʻokolokolo i kona hoahānau, inā ʻo ka mea hoʻopiʻi a hoʻopiʻi ʻia paha; ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka mea i pili iā ia, a i kona hoahānau paha ma ke ʻano hui waiwai; a inā i hoʻāhewa ʻia, a hoʻokuʻu ʻia paha kekahi, me ke kūʻē i kēia ʻōlelo, a laila, pono nō ke ʻae ʻia e hoʻokolokolo hou iā ia.

12. Paukū 12. ʻAʻole loa e noho kauā kuapaʻa kekahi kanaka ma lalo o kekahi ma ko Hawaiʻi nei Pae ʻĀina; inā hoʻi e hiki mai kekahi kauā kuapaʻa i kēia Pae ʻĀina, ʻo kona kuapaʻa ʻole nō ia, a ʻo nā mea lawe mai i ke kauā kuapaʻa i loko o ke aupuni o ka Mōʻī, e nele nō ia i nā pono a pau o kēia aupuni; akā hoʻi, ʻaʻole nō e hōʻole ʻia ka noho kuapaʻa ʻana o kekahi, ke hoʻopaʻi ʻia ʻo ia no ka hewa e like me ke kānāwai.

13. Paukū 13. E kapu nō kēlā kanaka kēia kanaka ma kona kino, a me kona hale, a me kāna mau palapala, a me kona waiwai; ʻaʻole e hopu ʻia, ʻaʻole hoʻi e huli ʻia, me ke kumu ʻole; ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻopuka ʻia ka palapala kēnā ke maopopo ʻole ke kumu pono ma ka hoʻohuoi, a ma ka hoʻohiki paha, a ʻo ka mea nāna i hoʻopiʻi; a e hoʻākāka ʻia, i loko o ua palapala nei, kahi e huli ʻia a me nā kānaka, a mea ʻē aʻe paha e hopu ʻia.

14. Paukū 14. Ke hoʻomalu nei ke Aliʻi i kona aupuni no ka pono o nā kānaka a pau ma lalo ona; e hoʻomalu ʻia hoʻi ke ola, a me ka waiwai, a me ka pōmaikaʻi o kona poʻe kānaka a pau; ʻaʻole hoʻi e ʻimi ʻia ka pono, a me ka hanohano, a me ka waiwai o ka mea hoʻokahi a o ka ʻohana hoʻokahi paha, a o ka poʻe ʻano hoʻokahi paha o kona poʻe kānaka; a no laila, i ke kau ʻana i nā kānāwai no kēia lāhui kānaka, e manaʻo nui ʻia ka maluhia a me ka pōmaikaʻi, a me ka pono o ka Mōʻī, a me nā aliʻi, a me nā luna, a me nā makaʻāinana nō hoʻi.

11. Art. 11. No person shall sit as judge or juror, in any case in which his relative is interested, either as plaintiff, or defendant, or in the issue of which the said judge or juror may have, either directly or through a relative, any pecuniary interest.³

12. Art. 12. Slavery shall, under no circumstances whatever, be tolerated in the Hawaiian Islands: whenever a slave shall enter Hawaiian territory he shall be free; no person who imports a slave, or slaves, into the King's dominions shall ever enjoy any civil or political rights in this realm; but involuntary servitude for the punishment of crime is allowable according to law.

13. Art. 13. Every person has the right to be secure from all unreasonable searches and seizures of his person, his houses, his papers, and effects; and no warrants shall issue, but on probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and describing the place to be searched, and the person or things to be seized.

14. Art. 14. The King conducts his government for the common good; for the protection, safety, prosperity and happiness of his people; and not for the profit, honor, or private interest of any one man, family or class of men⁴ among his subjects. Therefore in making laws for the nation, regard shall be had to the protection, interest and welfare not only of the King, the chiefs, and rulers, but of all the people⁵ alike.⁶

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3. ʻAʻole i unuhi ʻia ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma hope o ka hapa kolona hope i ka Paukū 11.

The Hawaiian after the last semi-colon in Article 11 was not translated. It means: "and if either guilt or innocence was arrived at in violation of this clause, then approval for retrial must be given."

4. ʻOiai he pili ka manaʻo o "mea hoʻokahi" a me "poʻe ʻano hoʻokahi" i ke kāne a me ka wahine, ua unuhi ʻia ia mau ʻōlelo ʻo "any one man" a me "family or class of men" ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia.

While "mea hoʻokahi" refers to any one person, and "poʻe ʻano hoʻokahi" to a class of people, the terms are translated as "any one man" and "family or class of men," respectively, in the English version.

5. Ua unuhi ʻia ʻo "makaʻāinana," ʻo ia ʻo "people" ma ʻaneʻi. ʻO kekahi mau manaʻo nō naʻe o ia huaʻōlelo, ʻo ia ʻo "commoner," "Hawaiian commoner," a "citizen" paha.

The term "makaʻāinana," translated as "people" here, could mean "commoner," "Hawaiian commoner," or "citizen."

6. Ua komo ka ʻōlelo "not only of the King" ma ka unuhina ʻōlelo Pelekānia me ka loaʻa ʻole nō naʻe o ka manaʻo "not only of" ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi.

Although the words "not only of the King" are found in the English translation, the Hawaiian does not include the equivalent of "not only of."

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15. Pauku 15. Pono no ke hoomalu pono ia kela kanaka keia kanaka ma na mea maikai o kona ola, a o kona waiwai a o kona keakea kumu ole ia'i paha, e like me na Kanawai paa; a no ia mea, e pono no ia ia ke kokua i ke kauwahi hapa kupono o kona waiwai, i mea e mau ai ua maluhia nei, a i ole ia, o kana hana ponoi, ke pono; aka aole loa e hiki ke laweia ke kauwahi lihi iki o ka waiwai o kekahi kanaka, aole hoi e haawiia i mea e pono ai ke Aupuni me kona ae ole, a i ole ia, me ka ae ole o ka Moi, a me na 'Lii, a me ka Poeikohoia e na Makaainana; a ina e laweia i kekahi manawa ka waiwai o kekahi kanaka no ka pilikia o ke Aupuni, e loaa no ia ia ka uku kupono no ua waiwai nei.

16. Pauku 16. Aole loa e kaulia kekahi auhau, a o kekahi dute paha, aole hoi e unuhi iki ia'e kekahi dala noloko mai o ka waihona dala Aupuni, me ka ae ole o na Hale elua o ka Ahaolelo o ke Aupuni; aka hoi e hoomakaukau ka Ahaolelo ma ka bila Kalaiwaiwai makahiki, i dala e pono ai ke Aupuni ke hiki i ka wa kaua huli moana, a kaua kuloko paha, a na ke Kuhina Waiwai e hoike nui imua o ka Ahaolelo, no na dala i lilo malaila.

17. Pauku 17. Aole no e kaulia kekahi Kanawai i mea e hoopili ai i kekahi hana i hala mamua; ua hewa ia a he hookaumaha wale.

18. Pauku 18. E noho no na mea ano koa malalo iho o na Kanawai o ka Aina; aole loa e hoonohoia kekahi koa ma kekahi hale i ka wa malu me ko ka mea hale ae ole; aole hoi i ka wa kaua me ke kue i ke Kanawai a ka Ahaolelo e kau ai no ia mea.

19. Pauku 19. E koho no na kanaka a pau ma na mea a ke Kanawai i haawi ai, ma ka balota.

15. Paukū 15. Pono nō ke hoʻomalu pono ʻia kēlā kanaka kēia kanaka ma nā mea maikaʻi o kona ola, a ʻo kona waiwai a ʻo kona keʻakeʻa kumu ʻole ʻia² paha, e like me nā kānāwai paʻa; a no ia mea, e pono nō iā ia ke kōkua i ke kauwahi hapa kūpono o kona waiwai, i mea e mau ai ua maluhia nei, a i ʻole ia, ʻo kāna hana ponoʻī, ke pono; akā ʻaʻole loa e hiki ke lawe ʻia ke kauwahi lihi iki o ka waiwai o kekahi kanaka, ʻaʻole hoʻi e hāʻawi ʻia i mea e pono ai ke aupuni me kona ʻae ʻole, a i ʻole ia, me ka ʻae ʻole o ka Mōʻī, a me nā Aliʻi, a me ka Poʻe i Koho ʻia e nā makaʻāinana; a inā e lawe ʻia i kekahi manawa ka waiwai o kekahi kanaka no ka pilikia o ke aupuni, e loaʻa nō iā ia ka uku kūpono no ua waiwai nei.

16. Paukū 16. ʻAʻole loa e kaulia kekahi ʻauhau, a ʻo kekahi dute paha, ʻaʻole hoʻi e unuhi iki ʻia aʻe kekahi kālā no loko mai o ka waihona kālā aupuni, me ka ʻae ʻole o nā Hale ʻelua o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo o ke aupuni; akā hoʻi e hoʻomākaukau ka ʻAhaʻōlelo ma ka pila kālaiwaiwai makahiki, i kālā e pono ai ke aupuni ke hiki i ka wā kaua huli moana, a kaua kūloko paha, a na ke kuhina waiwai e hōʻike nui i mua o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo, no nā kālā i lilo ma laila.

17. Paukū 17. ʻAʻole nō e kaulia kekahi kānāwai i mea e hoʻopili ai i kekahi hana i hala ma mua; ua hewa ia a he hoʻokaumaha wale.

18. Paukū 18. E noho nō nā mea ʻano koa ma lalo iho o nā kānāwai o ka ʻāina; ʻaʻole loa e hoʻonoho ʻia kekahi koa ma kekahi hale i ka wā malu me ko ka mea hale ʻae ʻole; ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka wā kaua me ke kūʻē i ke kānāwai a ka ʻAhaʻōlelo e kau ai no ia mea.

19. Paukū 19. E koho nō nā kānaka a pau ma nā mea a ke kānāwai i hāʻawi ai, ma ka pāloka.

15. Art. 15. Each member of society has a right to be protected by it in the enjoyment of his life, liberty and property, according to standing laws. He is obliged, consequently, to contribute his proportional share to the expense of this protection; to give his personal services, or an equivalent, when necessary; but no part of the property of any individual, can, with justice, be taken from him or applied to public uses without his own consent, or that of the King, the Nobles, and the Representatives of the people. And whenever the public exigencies require that the property of any individual should be appropriated to public uses, he shall receive a reasonable compensation therefore.⁷

16. Art. 16. No subsidy, impost, duties or tax of any description, shall be established or levied, nor any money drawn from the public treasury under any pretext whatsoever, without the consent of both branches of the Legislature; provided that the Legislature shall make provision, in the annual bills of appropriation, for the emergency of war, invasion, or rebellion; and the minister of finance shall render a detailed account to the Legislature of any expenditure made under that provision.

17. Art. 17. All retrospective laws are unjust; therefore, no such laws shall ever be passed.

18. Art. 18. The military shall always be subject to the laws of the land; and no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by the Legislature.

19. Art. 19. All elections by the people shall be by ballot.⁸

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2. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo "ia'i" ʻo ia ʻo "ʻia."

"Ia'i" was changed to "'ia."

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7. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo "therefor" ʻo ia ʻo "therefore."

"Therefor" was changed to "therefore."

8. Ua ʻoi aku ka laulā o ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia ma ʻaneʻi i komo ʻole ai ka manaʻo no "nā mea a ke kānāwai i hāʻawi ai." Ua ʻaneʻane e piha 100 pākēneka o nā kānaka i koho pāloka a i kaupalena ʻia na nā mākua kāne wale nō ma lalo o kēia kumukānāwai.

The English translation here is less specific than the Hawaiian, which says, "The people shall vote by ballot on all matters set out by law." Voter turnout was close to 100 percent for the elections (limited to adult males) held under this constitution.

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20. Pauku 20. Aole no e hopuia kekahi mea koho ma na la koho oiai kona noho ana ma ia hana koho; a pela hoi i kona hele ana mai, a i kona hoi ana aku mai kahi o ke koho ana, aole ia e hopuia, koe nae ke kipi, ka feloni, a me ka hoohaunaele.

21. Pauku 21. Aole e koiia kekahi mea koho e noho ana ma ka hana koa i ka la koho a hiki ole ia ia ke koho, ke ole ia he wa kaua, a he wa pilikia paha o ke Aupuni.

O KE ANO O KE AUPUNI.

Pauku 22. O ke ano o ke Aupuni, he Aupuni Alii mamuli o ke Kumukanawai; malalo hoi o Kamehameha III, a me kona mau hooilina a me kona mau hope.

NO NA MANA.

Pauku 23. E maheleia ka mana o ke Aupuni i ekolu Apana okoa, oia hoi ka Mana Hooko, ka Mana Kau Kanawai a me ka Mana Hookolokolo; e ku kaawale ia mau mana ekolu; aole hoi e huiia na mana hope elua iloko o ke kanaka hookahi, a iloko o ka Aha hookahi paha.

O KA MANA HOOKO.
PALENA II.
O KE ALII NUI.
KONA MAU PONO PONOI.

Pauku 24. O ke Alii nui ka Luna kiekie hooko o keia Aupuni, a e kapaia oia o ka Moi.

25. Pauku 25. E hoomau loa ia ka noho alii i ka Moi ia Kamehameha III, oiai kona ola a me kona poe hooilina aku. Eia ka hooilina; o ka mea i kohoia a i hookaulanaia hoi pela e ka Moi a me ka Hale Ahaolelo Alii, oiai e ola ana ka Moi, oia ka hooilina Alii; aka, i ole i hanaia pela, alaila na na 'Lii a me ka Poeikohoia i ka Ahaolelo e koho i ka hooilina Alii me ka balota hui.

20. Paukū 20. ʻAʻole nō e hopu ʻia kekahi mea koho ma nā lā koho ʻoiai kona noho ʻana ma ia hana koho; a pēlā hoʻi i kona hele ʻana mai, a i kona hoʻi ʻana aku mai kahi o ke koho ʻana, ʻaʻole ia e hopu ʻia, koe naʻe ke kipi, ka feloni, a me ka hoʻohaunaele.

21. Paukū 21. ʻAʻole e koi ʻia kekahi mea koho e noho ana ma ka hana koa i ka lā koho a hiki ʻole iā ia ke koho, ke ʻole ia he wā kaua, a he wā pilikia paha o ke aupuni.

ʻO KE ʻANO O KE AUPUNI

Paukū 22. ʻO ke ʻano o ke aupuni, he aupuni aliʻi ma muli o ke kumukānāwai; ma lalo hoʻi o Kamehameha III, a me kona mau hoʻoilina a me kona mau hope.

NO NĀ MANA

Paukū 23. E māhele ʻia ka mana o ke aupuni i ʻekolu ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mana hoʻokō, ka mana kau kānāwai a me ka mana hoʻokolokolo; e kū kaʻawale ia mau mana ʻekolu; ʻaʻole hoʻi e hui ʻia nā mana hope ʻelua i loko o ke kanaka hoʻokahi, a i loko o ka ʻaha hoʻokahi paha.

ʻO KA MANA HOʻOKŌ
PALENA I
ʻO KE ALIʻI NUI
KONA MAU PONO PONOʻĪ

Paukū 24. ʻO ke Aliʻi Nui ka luna kīʻekīʻe hoʻokō o kēia aupuni, a e kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ka Mōʻī.

25. Paukū 25. E hoʻomau loa ʻia ka noho aliʻi i ka Mōʻī iā Kamehameha III, ʻoiai kona ola a me kona poʻe hoʻoilina aku. Eia ka hoʻoilina; ʻo ka mea i koho ʻia a i hoʻokaulana ʻia hoʻi pēlā e ka Mōʻī a me ka Hale ʻAhaʻōlelo Aliʻi, ʻoiai e ola ana ka Mōʻī, ʻo ia ka hoʻoilina Aliʻi; akā, i ʻole i hana ʻia pēlā, a laila na nā Aliʻi a me ka Poʻe i Koho ʻia i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo e koho i ka hoʻoilina Aliʻi me ka pāloka hui.

20. Art. 20. Every elector shall be privileged from arrest on election days, during his attendance at election, and in going to and returning therefrom, except in cases of treason, felony, or breach of the peace.

21. Art. 21. No elector shall be so obliged to perform military duty, on the day of election, as to prevent his voting, except in time of war or public danger.

22. FORM OF GOVERNMENT

Art. 22. The government of the kingdom is that of a constitutional monarchy, under His Majesty Kamehameha III, his heirs, and successors.

23. OF POWERS

Art. 23. The supreme power of the kingdom, in its exercise, is divided into the executive, legislative and judicial; these are to be preserved distinct; the two last powers cannot be united in any one individual or body.

24. OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER
SECTION I
THE KING
HIS PREROGATIVES

Art. 24. The King shall continue to be the supreme executive magistrate of this kingdom under the title of His Majesty.

25. Art. 25. The crown is hereby permanently confirmed to His Majesty Kamehameha III during his life, and to his successors.⁹

25a. The successor shall be the person whom the King and the House of Nobles shall appoint and publicly proclaim as such, during the King's life; but should there be no such appointment and proclamation, then the successor shall be chosen by the House of Nobles and the House of Representatives in joint ballot.

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3. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo "PALENA II" ʻo ia ʻo "PALENA I."

"PALENA II" was changed to "PALENA I."

9. Aia kēia mau paukū ʻelua ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia i loko o ka paukū 25 ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi.

These two paragraphs in English are included within the single paragraph 25 in the Hawaiian.

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PALENA II.
NO KE KUHINANUI.

Pauku 43. Na ka Moi no e koho i kekahi Alii hanohano a me ka makaukau, e noho i Kuhinanui, a e kapaia oia "o ke Kuhinanui o ko Hawaii Pae Aina;" a o kona inoa Oihana o ka Mea Kiekie.

44. Pauku 44. O ke Kuhinanui ka hoa kuka pu o ka Moi ma na mea nui o ke Aupuni. O na mea a pau e pili ana i ke Aupuni, a ka Moi e manao ai e hana, na ke Kuhinanui no e hana ma ka inoa o ka Moi. O na bila, palapala sila nui, palapala hookohu, a me na palapala Aupuni e ae i hana pono ia e ke Kuhinanui, ma ka inoa a me ka ae o ka Moi e like me ka olelo o ka pauku 35, ua like no ia mau mea me na mea a ka Moi i hana'i, koe nae na mea i hoakakaia ma ke Kanawai.

45. Pauku 45. E hiki no i ka Moi wale no ke hana i na hana nui a pau o ke Aupuni, ke makemake oia pela, me ka ae pu no nae o ke Kuhinanui. E hiki no ia laua elua ke hoole kekahi i kekahi ma na hana a ke Aupuni.

PALENA II
NO KE KUHINA NUI

Paukū 43. Na ka Mōʻī nō e koho i kekahi aliʻi hanohano a me ka mākaukau, e noho i Kuhina Nui, a e kapa ʻia ʻo ia "ʻo ke Kuhina Nui o ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina;" a ʻo kona inoa ʻoihana ʻo ka Mea Kīʻekīʻe.

44. Paukū 44. ʻO ke Kuhina Nui ka hoa kūkā pū o ka Mōʻī ma nā mea nui o ke aupuni. ʻO nā mea a pau e pili ana i ke aupuni, a ka Mōʻī e manaʻo ai e hana, na ke Kuhina Nui nō e hana ma ka inoa o ka Mōʻī. ʻO nā pila, palapala kila nui, palapala hoʻokohu, a me nā palapala aupuni ʻē aʻe i hana pono ʻia e ke Kuhina Nui, ma ka inoa a me ka ʻae o ka Mōʻī e like me ka ʻōlelo o ka Paukū 35, ua like nō ia mau mea me nā mea a ka Mōʻī i hana ai, koe naʻe nā mea i hoʻākāka ʻia ma ke kānāwai.

45. Paukū 45. E hiki nō i ka Mōʻī wale nō ke hana i nā hana nui a pau o ke aupuni, ke makemake ʻo ia pēlā, me ka ʻae pū nō naʻe o ke Kuhina Nui. E hiki nō iā lāua ʻelua ke hōʻole kekahi i kekahi ma nā hana a ke aupuni.

SECTION II
OF THE KUHINA NUI

Art. 43. The King appoints some chief of rank and ability to be his Kuhina Nui, who shall be styled the Kuhina Nui of the Hawaiian Islands, and whose title shall be Highness.

44. Art. 44. The Kuhina Nui shall be the King's special counsellor in the great affairs of the kingdom. All business connected with the special interests of the kingdom, which the King wishes to transact, shall be done by the Kuhina Nui under the authority of the King. All acts, royal patents, commissions, and other official documents, duly executed by the Kuhina Nui in the name and by the consent of the King, agreeably with Article 35, unless specially excepted by law, shall be equally binding as if executed by the King himself.

45. Art. 45. All important business of the kingdom which the King chooses to transact in person, he may do, but not without the approbation of the Kuhina Nui. The King and Kuhina Nui shall have a negative on each other's public acts.¹¹

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11. He ʻano like nō a like ke kūlana o ke Kuhina Nui me ko ka Mōʻī. He kūlana i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma nā kumukānāwai ʻē aʻe o ka honua.

The office of Kuhina Nui was essentially equal to the monarch and unique among the constitutions of the world.

78. Pauku 78. O kela mea keia mea o na kanaka maoli, me na haole hoohiki, a me na haole i loaa ka palapala hookupa, ina ua hookaaia kona auhau, a ina ua hiki aku oia i na makahiki he iwakalua, a ina ua noho oia ma keia Aupuni i hookahi makahiki mamua iho o ka la koho, e hiki no ia ia ke koho me ka balota hookahi i kekahi kanaka, a mau kanaka paha o ka Hale o ka Poeikohoia no ka Apana kahi ana i noho ai no na malama ekolu mamua iho o ka la koho; aka, aole e hiki i kekahi kanaka pupule ke koho, aole hoi i kekahi kanaka i hihia i ke karaima nui ma ka hookolokolo ana, ma keia Aupuni, ke ole i kala e ia kona hewa e ka Moi, a ke ole hoi i loaa ia ia na pono a pau o ke kanaka kupa ma ia kala ana.

78. Paukū 78. ʻO kēlā mea kēia mea o nā kānaka maoli, me nā haole hoʻohiki, a me nā haole i loaʻa ka palapala hoʻokupa,⁸ inā ua hoʻokaʻa ʻia kona ʻauhau, a inā ua hiki aku ʻo ia i nā makahiki he iwakālua, a inā ua noho ʻo ia ma kēia aupuni i hoʻokahi makahiki ma mua iho o ka lā koho, e hiki nō iā ia ke koho me ka pāloka hoʻokahi i kekahi kanaka, a mau kānaka paha o ka Hale o ka Poʻe i Koho ʻia no ka ʻāpana kahi āna i noho ai no nā malama ʻekolu ma mua iho o ka lā koho; akā, ʻaʻole e hiki i kekahi kanaka pupule ke koho, ʻaʻole hoʻi i kekahi kanaka i hihia i ke kalaima nui ma ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana, ma kēia aupuni, ke ʻole i kala ʻē ʻia kona hewa e ka Mōʻī, a ke ʻole hoʻi i loaʻa iā ia nā pono a pau o ke kanaka kupa ma ia kala ʻana.

78. Art. 78. Every male subject¹⁹ of His Majesty, whether native or naturalized, and every denizen of the kingdom, who shall have paid his taxes, who shall have attained the full age of twenty years, and who shall have resided in the kingdom for one year immediately preceding the time of election, shall be entitled to one vote for the Representative or Representatives, of the district in which he may have resided three months next preceding the day of election; provided that no insane person, nor any person who shall at any time have been convicted of any infamous crime, within this kingdom, unless he shall have been pardoned by the King, and by the terms of such pardon been restored to all the rights of a subject, shall be allowed to vote.

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19. Ua ʻokoʻa ka manaʻo o ka unuhina Pelekānia, "every male subject," mai ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, "ʻO kēlā mea kēia mea o nā kānaka maoli."

Although translated as "every male subject," the original Hawaiian – "ʻO kēlā mea kēia mea o nā kānaka maoli" – means "all Hawaiian people," without reference to gender.

NO KA HOOLOLI HOU ANA I KEIA KUMUKANAWAI.

Pauku 105. E hiki no ke hoakaka aku i kekahi mea hoololi hou a i mau mea hoololi hou paha, i keia Kumukanawai iloko o kekahi o na Hale elua o ka Ahaolelo Aupuni; a ina e ae ia ua mea, a mau mea hou nei paha, e ka hapa nui iloko o na Hale elua, alaila e kakauia ua mea la iloko o ko lakou mau buke mooolelo, me na inoa o ka poe ae a me ka poe hoole, a e hoopaneeia ia mea, no ka akoakoa hou ana ae o ka Ahaolelo; a e hookaulanaia ua mea hou nei i ekolu malama mamua ae o ka la e koho ai ka Poeikohoia e na Makaainana; a ina ma ia Ahaolelo hou ana e aeia ua mea hoololi hou, a mau mea hoololi hou nei paha, e na hapakolu elua o na Hale elua o ka Ahaolelo, a e hooia ia e ka Moi, alaila e lilo kela mea hoololi hou, a mau mea hoololi hou paha, iloko o ke Kumukanawai o keia Aupuni.

KAMEHAMEHA.
Keoni Ana.

NO KA HOʻOLOLI HOU ʻANA I KĒIA KUMUKĀNĀWAI

Paukū 105. E hiki nō ke hoʻākāka aku i kekahi mea hoʻololi hou a i mau mea hoʻololi hou paha, i kēia Kumukānāwai i loko o kekahi o nā Hale ʻelua o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo aupuni; a inā e ʻae ʻia ua mea, a mau mea hou nei paha, e ka hapa nui i loko o nā Hale ʻelua, a laila e kākau ʻia ua mea lā i loko o ko lākou mau puke moʻolelo, me nā inoa o ka poʻe ʻae a me ka poʻe hōʻole, a e hoʻopane ʻe ʻia ia mea, no ka ʻākoakoa hou ʻana aʻe o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo; a e hoʻokaulana ʻia ua mea hou nei i ʻekolu malama ma mua aʻe o ka lā e koho ai ka Poʻe i Koho ʻia e nā makaʻāinana; a inā ma ia ʻAhaʻōlelo hou ʻana e ʻae ʻia ua mea hoʻololi hou, a mau mea hoʻololi hou nei paha, e nā hapakolu ʻelua o nā Hale ʻelua o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo, a e hōʻoia ʻia e ka Mōʻī, a laila e lilo kēlā mea hoʻololi hou, a mau mea hoʻololi hou paha, i loko o ke Kumukānāwai o kēia aupuni.

KAMEHAMEHA
Keoni Ana¹⁵

106. MODE OF AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION

Art. 105. Any amendment or amendments to this Constitution may be proposed in either branch of the Legislature, and if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members of each House, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be entered on their journals, with the yeas and nays taken thereon, and referred to the next Legislature; which proposed amendment or amendments shall be published for three months previous to the election of the next House of Representatives; and if, in the next Legislature, such proposed amendment or amendments, shall be agreed to by two-thirds of all the members of each House, and be approved by the King, such amendment or amendments shall become part of the Constitution of this kingdom.

KAMEHAMEHA
John Young

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15. Ma muli o ka Paukū 45, ua pūlima ʻia kēia kumukānāwai e ka Mōʻī Kamehameha III lāua ʻo ke Kuhina Nui (ʻo Keoni Ana ia i ia manawa).

According to Article 45, this constitution was signed by both King Kamehameha III and the Kuhina Nui (who was at that time John Young).

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226 KA HOʻOILINA: JOURNAL OF HAWAIIAN LANGUAGE SOURCES • SEPTEMBER 2002

KE KUMUKĀNĀWAI O KA MAKAHIKI 1852 227

1856 Amendment to the Constitution of 1852

These amendments to the Constitution of 1852 were proposed during the legislative session of 1855 and passed in 1856. In previous years, the Legislature convened annually, but one of the new amendments caused the Legislature to then meet biennially. The instructions and the resulting amendments do not always agree but are reproduced here according to the original, generally without correction or notation. Published as Kānāwai o ka Mōʻī Kamehameha IV, Honolulu, 1856, and Laws of His Majesty Kamehameha IV, Honolulu, 1856. Forbes 2164 (III: 169–170), 2163 (III: 169).

NA PAUKU HOOLOLI I KE KUMUKANAWAI O KEIA PAE AINA, I HOOMAKAIA A I HOOHOLOIA E LIKE ME KA PAUKU 105, O KE KUMUKANAWAI E NOHO NEI.

Pauku 1. Ua hoololiia a ke hoololiia nei ka pauku 27, ma ka olelo Hawaii wale no, me ke kapae ana i ka huaolelo "Alihikaua," a me ka hookomo ana malaila i na huaolelo "Ka Luna Nui," i heluheluia ua pauku la penei:

2. "O ke Alii ka Luna Nui maluna o na koa a me na manuwa, a me na mea kaua e ae ma ka moana a ma ka aina; a nana ka mana ma ona iho a ma o kekahi Luna Koa, a mau Luna pahu ana e koho ai, e ao a e hooponopono i ua mau mea kaua nei, mamuli o kona manao e pono, a e malu ai ke Aupuni. Aka, aole e pono ia ia ka hapai i ke kaua, me ka ae ole o kona Ahakukakukamalu."

Pauku 2. Ua hoololiia, a ke hoololiia nei ka pauku 29, me ke kapae ana i na huaolelo "o ka halawai o kela makahiki ae," a me ka hookomo ana malaila, i na huaolelo, "o na makahiki elua."

Pauku 3. Ua hoololiia a ke hoololiia nei ka pauku 32, me ke kapae ana i na huaolelo "e koho," a me na huaolelo "ia lakou."

Pauku 4. Ua hoololiia a ke hoololiia nei ka pauku 43 me ke kapae ana i na huaolelo "o kona inoa oihana o ka Mea Kiekie," a me ka hookomo ana malaila i na huaolelo "o kona inoa, oia ka inoa hanauna, a o kekahi inoa e ae paha a ka Moi e haawi ia ia."

Pauku 5. Ua hoololiia a ke hoololiia nei ka pauku 54, me ke kapae ana i na huaolelo "i kela makahiki keia makahiki," a me na huaolelo "o Ianuari mamua iho," a me ka hookomo ana malaila i na huaolelo "o ka makahiki helu dala."

Pauku 6. Ua hoololiia a ke hoololiia nei ka pauku 61, me ke kapae ana i ka huaolelo "i kela makahiki keia makahiki," a me ka hookomo ana malaila i na huaolelo "i kela makahiki elua, keia makahiki elua," a me ke kapae ana i na huaolelo "i kela hebedoma mua o Aperila," a me na huaolelo "e ae."

Pauku 7. Ua hoololiia a ke hoololiia nei ka pauku 100.

Pauku 8. Ua hoololiia a ke hoololiia nei ka pauku 72, me ka hookomo ana i na huaolelo "ke haalele ole iho nae lakou," mahope iho o na huaolelo, "a pau ko lakou ola."

Aponoia i keia la 15 o Sepetemaba, M. H. 1856.
KAMEHAMEHA.
Kaahumanu.

NĀ PAUKŪ HOʻOLOLI I KE KUMUKĀNĀWAI O KĒIA PAE ʻĀINA, I HOʻOMAKA ʻIA A I HOʻOHOLO ʻIA E LIKE ME KA PAUKŪ 105, O KE KUMUKĀNĀWAI E NOHO NEI

Paukū 1. Ua hoʻololi ʻia a ke hoʻololi ʻia nei ka Paukū 27, ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi wale nō, me ke kāpae ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "ʻalihikaua,"¹ a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana ma laila i nā huaʻōlelo "ka luna nui," i heluhelu ʻia ua paukū lā penei:

2. "ʻO ke Aliʻi ka luna nui ma luna o nā koa a me nā manuā, a me nā mea kaua ʻē aʻe ma ka moana a ma ka ʻāina; a nāna ka mana ma ona iho a ma o kekahi luna koa, a mau luna paha² āna e koho ai, e aʻo a e hoʻoponopono i ua mau mea kaua nei, ma muli o kona manaʻo e pono, a e malu ai ke aupuni. Akā, ʻaʻole e pono iā ia ka hāpai i ke kaua, me ka ʻae ʻole o kona ʻAha Kūkākūkā Malū."

Paukū 2. Ua hoʻololi ʻia, a ke hoʻololi ʻia nei ka Paukū 29, me ke kāpae ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo "o ka hālāwai o kēlā makahiki aʻe," a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana ma laila i nā huaʻōlelo "o nā makahiki ʻelua."

Paukū 3. Ua hoʻololi ʻia a ke hoʻololi ʻia nei ka Paukū 32, me ke kāpae ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo "e koho," a me nā huaʻōlelo "iā lākou."

Paukū 4. Ua hoʻololi ʻia a ke hoʻololi ʻia nei ka Paukū 43 me ke kāpae ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo "ʻo kona inoa ʻoihana ʻo ka Mea Kīʻekīʻe," a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana ma laila i nā huaʻōlelo "ʻo kona inoa, ʻo ia ka inoa hanauna, a ʻo kekahi inoa ʻē aʻe paha a ka Mōʻī e hāʻawi iā ia."³

Paukū 5. Ua hoʻololi ʻia a ke hoʻololi ʻia nei ka Paukū 54, me ke kāpae ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo "i kēlā makahiki kēia makahiki," a me nā huaʻōlelo "o Ianuali ma mua iho," a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana ma laila i nā huaʻōlelo "o ka makahiki helu kālā."

Paukū 6. Ua hoʻololi ʻia a ke hoʻololi ʻia nei ka Paukū 61, me ke kāpae ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "i kēlā makahiki, kēia makahiki," a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana ma laila i nā huaʻōlelo "i kēlā makahiki ʻelua, kēia makahiki ʻelua," a me ke kāpae ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo "i kēlā hepekoma mua o ʻApelila," a me nā huaʻōlelo "ʻē aʻe."

Paukū 7. Ua hoʻololi ʻia a ke hoʻololi ʻia nei ka Paukū 100.

Paukū 8. Ua hoʻololi ʻia a ke hoʻololi ʻia nei ka Paukū 72, me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo "ke haʻalele ʻole iho naʻe lākou," ma hope iho o nā huaʻōlelo, "a pau ko lākou ola."

ʻĀpono ʻia i kēia lā 15 o Kepakemapa, MH 1856.
KAMEHAMEHA
Kaʻahumanu⁵

1. ARTICLES OF AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM PROPOSED AND AGREED TO, PURSUANT TO THE 105th ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION

Article 1. Article 27 is hereby amended in the native version only, by striking out the words "ʻalihikaua," and by inserting the words "ka luna nui," so that the article as amended will read as follows:

2. "The King is commander in chief of the army and navy, and of all other military forces of the kingdom by sea and land; and has full power by himself, or by any officer or officers, he may appoint, to train and govern such forces, as he may judge best for the defense and safety of the kingdom. But he shall never proclaim war without the consent of his Privy Council."

Article 2. Article 29th is hereby amended by striking out "session of next year," and inserting "term of two years."

Article 3. Article 32nd is hereby amended by striking out the words "appoint and."

Article 4. Article 43rd¹ is hereby amended by striking out "whose title shall be Highness," and inserting "shall be addressed by the birth title, or such title as may have been conferred by His Majesty."

Article 5. Article 54th is hereby amended by striking out "an annual" and "of January next preceding," and inserting "day of the fiscal year."

Article 7.² Article 61st is hereby amended by striking out "annually," inserting "biennially," and striking out "in the first week in April, and" and "other."

Article 6.³ Article 100 is hereby amended to read biennially.

Article 8. Article 72 is hereby amended by inserting after "during life," the words "unless in case of resignation."

Approved this 15th day of September, A.D. 1856.
KAMEHAMEHA
Kaʻahumanu

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1. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo "ʻalihikaua" ʻo ia ʻo "luna nui."

The change from "ʻalihikaua" to "luna nui" indicates a cultural shift from a traditional title specifically associated with war to a more modern and general title not associated with war.

2. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo "pahu" ʻo ia ʻo "paha."

"Pahu" was changed to "paha."

3. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ke kaha puanaʻī ma ʻaneʻi.

The quotation mark was added here.

4. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo "Kuhina" ʻo ia ʻo "Kuhina Nui."

"Kuhina" was changed to "Kuhina Nui."

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1. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻo "43d" ʻo ia ʻo "43rd."

"43d" was changed to "43rd."

2. ʻO ka pololei, ʻo ka Article 6 kēia.

This should be Article 6.

3. ʻO ka pololei, ʻo ka Article 7 kēia.

This should be Article 7.

5. Ua pūlima ʻia nā mea hoʻololi hou e ka Mōʻī Kamehameha IV lāua ʻo ke Kuhina Nui, ʻo Kaʻahumanu III (Victoria Kamāmalu).

The amendments were signed by King Kamehameha IV and the Kuhina Nui, Kaʻahumanu III (Victoria Kamāmalu).

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